Experimental and optimization of material synthesis process parameters for improving capacity of lithium‐ion battery

New methods for synthesis of active materials have been developed to improve capacity and cycle life performance of lithium‐ion batteries. Past studies have focused on routes of development of materials and new processes, which might not be economical for large‐scale production. In this regard, this study examines a widely employed carbothermal reduction technology for the synthesis of lithium‐iron phosphate (LiFePO₄/C) and investigates effects of process conditions during this synthesis on final battery performance. An experimental combined genetic programming approach is used to model the effects of crucial process conditions (sintering time, the carbon content, and the sintering temperature) on the discharge capacity of the assembled battery. Experiments are conducted to collect the discharge capacity data based on varying LiFePO₄/C synthesis conditions, and genetic programming is employed to develop a suitable functional relationship between them. The results show that the battery discharge capacity is controlled significantly by adjusting sintering temperature and carbon content, while the effect of sintering time is found to be insignificant. Further, the interaction effect of the sintering time and carbon content is much more obvious than that of the sintering time and the sintering temperature. The findings from the study pave the way for the optimum design of the synthesis process of LiFePO₄/C for a higher battery performance.     

热效应对高速圆锥动静压轴承静特性的影响

为研究热效应对高速圆锥动静压轴承静特性的影响,建立具有深浅腔结构的圆锥动静压轴承的Reynolds方程、能量方程、深腔流量平衡方程及相关控制方程;采用有限元法和有限差分法对其进行离散,运用正系数法则对能量方程系数及常数项的离散系数进行处理,联立求解得到油膜压力分布与温度分布,计算出高速圆锥动静压轴承的静参数,并分析热效应对高速圆锥动静压轴承静特性的影响。结果表明:热效应使高速圆锥动静压轴承油膜压力减小,且转速越大,压力减幅越大,油膜温升越明显;计入热效应后,润滑油黏度降低,引起高速圆锥动静压轴承偏位角增大,轴向、径向承载力减小,端泄流量增大,摩擦力减小,且转速越高变化越显著。     

轧制温度对AZ61合金组织和电极性能的影响

为了探讨轧制温度对AZ61镁合金板材微观组织的影响,以及对电化学性能和放电性能的遗传效应,本文利用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对AZ61镁合金的微观组织结构和放电形貌进行了表征,采用极化曲线和组装镁空气电池放电方法对AZ61镁合金的电化学及放电性能进行了测试。研究表明:在300~400 ℃范围内,随着轧制温度的升高,AZ61镁合金的腐蚀电位先正移后负移再正移,腐蚀电流密度先减小后增大再减小。在350 ℃下轧制的AZ61镁合金具有最优良的耐腐蚀性能,其腐蚀电位为-1.470 V,腐蚀电流为8.415×10^-6 A/cm²。在电流密度为10 mA/cm²条件下,轧制温度为350 ℃的AZ61镁合金的放电效率和比容量均达到峰值,分别为55.97%和1 253.13 mAh/g,且其放电形貌较为光滑并伴随少量凹坑。轧制温度可以有效细化合金的微观组织结构,减少β相的含量,有利于该合金耐腐蚀性的提高和放电参数的增大。     

脱硝还原剂尿素法改造常见问题及优化探讨

近几年,脱硝还原剂尿素法改造常见于火电厂,这是为了消除液氨这一危险源。但在改造设计中,有些具体问题容易被设计人员忽视。以L公司为例,尿素制氨系统运行2 a多来,暴露出了卸料管振动大、溶解罐溢流管出气泡、疏水箱振动大、疏水母管无法隔离、气相阀门腐蚀内漏、水解器排污时间定值不合理等一系列问题。经过L公司技术人员的努力,现已对部分问题进行了优化,经过运行,检验效果良好。     

Physics‐based model of lithium‐ion batteries running on a circuit simulator

The authors developed a physics‐based equivalent circuit model of a lithium‐ion battery (LIB) whose parameters are continually updated, reflecting the theoretical calculation results of the Butler‐Volmer equation, diffusion equations of the lithium‐ion and lithium, and Nernst equations of the liquid and solid phases. The developed model was applied to the charge/discharge simulations of an LIB, and the experimental and simulated results of constant current discharges and pulsed‐charge/discharge were found to be in excellent agreement. In particular, using the developed model, analyzing transient responses of the LIB derived from the transition of the electric double layer charging to the electrode reaction is possible. These results demonstrate that the electrochemical performance of an LIB can be calculated on a circuit simulator using the developed model.     

带扩张段构型超声速气流中横向射流数值模拟

针对带扩张段构型的发动机燃烧室,采用欧拉-拉格朗日仿真方法研究喷注方式、喷孔参数及隔离段燃烧室构型的改变对于射流雾化效果的影响,用以更好地指导发动机设计.结果表明,在保证发动机总体流量不变的条件下,喷孔孔径减小或者喷孔总数量减少使得液气动量通量比增大,有利于同时增大单孔射流穿透深度以及液滴展向宽度.贫燃工况下如当量比为0.7条件下,射流流量减小,混合效果可能变差.而在发动机结构设计方面,隔离段到燃烧室的过渡设计不宜采用大转角,15°转角是相对较为理想的设计方案.采用小角度突扩构型设计比渐扩构型更容易找到相对好的点火位置.     

Application of large scale PIV in river surface turbulence measurements and water depth estimation

Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) has emerged as a reliable technology to measure river surface flow velocity distribution and can be applied to estimate river discharge. Fewer studies have explored the capability of surface turbulence measurements using LSPIV. In this paper, LSPIV is applied to evaluate statistics of surface turbulence of a natural river. Turbulence measurements including velocity fluctuation, velocity spectra and the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) are validated by comparing with those measured by an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). Traditionally, estimation of stream discharge through LSPIV needs a secondary measurement to determine river bathymetry and water depth. A new method is presented here to demonstrate that for a fully developed and channel-controlled flow, the cross section geometry can be estimated from the combined measurements of surface mean velocity and the dissipation rate, following the Manning-Strickler formula. Therefore, river discharge can be estimated with LSPIV along with a calibrated Manning's roughness, without additional bathymetry survey. The proposed new method is applied to measure discharge in Milwaukee River (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.), which agreed well with data obtained from a nearby streamgage station.     

Groundwater discharge drives water quality and greenhouse gas emissions in a tidal wetland

Wetlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle as they can be sources or sinks for greenhouse gases. Groundwater discharge into wetlands can affect the water chemistry and act as a source of dissolved greenhouse gases, including CO₂ and CH₄. In this study, surface water quality parameters and CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations were evaluated in a tidal wetland (Hunter Wetlands National Park, Australia) using time series measurements. Radon (²²²Rn), a natural groundwater tracer, was used to investigate the role of groundwater as a pathway for transporting dissolved CO₂ and CH₄ into the wetland. In addition, water-to-air CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes from the wetland were also estimated. The results showed a high concentration of radon in wetland surface water, indicating the occurrence of groundwater discharge. Radon concentration had a strong negative relationship with water depth with a determination coefficient (R²) of 0.7, indicating that tidal pumping was the main driver of groundwater discharge to the wetland. Radon concentration also showed a positive relationship with CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations (R² = 0.4 and 0.5, respectively), while the time series data revealed that radon, CO₂, and CH₄ concentrations peaked concurrently during low tides. This implied that groundwater discharge was a source of CO₂ and CH₄ to the wetland. The wetland had an average water-to-air CO₂ flux of 99.1 mmol/(m²·d), twice higher than the global average CO₂ flux from wetlands. The average CH₄ flux from the wetland was estimated to be 0.3 mmol/(m²·d), which is at the higher end of the global CH₄ flux range for wetlands. The results showed that groundwater discharge could be an important, yet unaccounted source of CO₂ and CH₄ to tidal wetlands. This work has implications for tidal wetland carbon budgets and emphasizes the role of groundwater as a subsurface pathway for carbon transport.